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The Genesis control path is implemented in Go and the first independent verifier is implemented in restricted C. Neither implementation is the protocol. Normative authority belongs to:
  • specifications;
  • canonical encodings;
  • validation rules;
  • public conformance vectors;
  • security invariants.
A conforming implementation may use C, Go, Rust, SPARK, Java, Zig, a formally verified system, or another language. Independent implementations are not duplication for its own sake. They expose ambiguity. When two implementations disagree, the project must resolve the specification rather than silently declaring the reference implementation correct.
Last modified on August 10, 2026